The Spectrometer

A Spectrometer is an optical device used to study spectra from different sources of light.  

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         For the measurement of properties of light such as the wavelength and intensity, over a particular portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, Spectrometer is used. The field of physics in which spectral lines are produced using a diffraction grating along with the spectrometer in order to examine the spectrum of light is called spectroscopy. The typical spectrometer can be operated over a wide range of wavelengths from γ rays and X-rays to infrared but usually spectrometers are used to study the visible spectrum.

With the help of a spectrometer, the deviation of light by a glass prism and refractive index of the material of the prism can be measured quite accurately. Using diffraction grating, the spectrometer can be employed to measure the wavelength of the light.

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Resolving Power

The resolving power of an instrument is its ability to reveal the minor details of the object under examination.  

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      When an object is placed in front of a convex lens at a point beyond its focus, a real and inverted image of the object is formed as shown in the figure below:

The ratio of the size of the image to the size of the object is called magnification.

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      As the object is brought from a far off point to the focus, the magnification goes on increasing. The apparent size of the an object depends on the angle subtended by it at the eyes. Thus, the closer the object is to the eye, the greater is the angle subtended and larger appears the size of the object. The maximum size of an object as seen by naked eye is obtained when the object is placed at the least distance of distinct vision. For lesser distance, the image formed looks blurred and the details of the object are not visible.

The magnifying power or angular magnification is defined as the ratio of the angles subtended by the image as seen through the optical device to that subtended by the object at the unaided eye.

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       The optical resolution of a microscope or a telescope tells us how close together the two point sources of light can be so that they are still seen as two separate sources. If two point sources are too close, they will appear as one because the optical instrument makes a points source look like a small disc or spot of light with circular diffraction fringes.

     Although the magnification can be made as large as one desires by choosing appropriate focal lengths, but the magnification alone is of no use unless we can see the details of the object distinctly.

The resolving power of an instrument is its ability to reveal the minor details of the object under examination.

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    Resolving Power is expressed as the minimum angle which two point sources subtended at the instrument so that their images are seen two distinct spots of light rather than one. Raleigh showed that for light of wavelength λ through a lens of diameter D, the resolving power is given by

            In the case of a grating spectrometer, the resolving power R of the grating is defined as 

     Where λ ≈ λ1 ≈ λ2 and ∆λ = λ2 - λ1.Thus, we see that a grating with high resolving power can distinguish small difference in wavelength. If N is the number of rulings on the grating, it can be shown that the resolving power in the mth-order diffraction equals to the product N x m, i.e.

R = N x m