Power and Aberration of Lenses

The reciprocal of focal length of lens is called Power of lens i.e.


The defect (Blurring and distortion) in the image formed by lenses is due to two common reasons i.e. spherical aberration and chromatic aberration. These are known as Lens Aberrations or defects of lens.  

a

      The reciprocal of focal length of a lens is its power. The greater the focal length, the lesser will be the power of lens and smaller the focal length, the greater will be the power of lens.

In case of combination of two lenses,

       This shows that the power of combination of two lenses in contact is equal to the sum of their individual powers.

Unit

        The unit of power of lens is "Diopter" and it is defined as the reciprocal of focal length in meters.

i.e.

Defects of Lenses or Lens Aberrations

1-Spherical Aberration

       When rays of light parallel to the principal axis of a lens pass through zones near its edges, these are brought to focus nearer the lens than those rays which pass through region nearer to its center. Therefore, the focus is not a sharp point but is contained in a region called "focal region". This produces blurred images. This problem is known as spherical aberration as shown in figure:

  Fig   Spherical Aberration

Minimizing

• By using only central portion of the lens. This can be achieved by using a stop on the lens which makes effective aperture of the lens small.

• By making opposite surface of the lens of different curvatures.

• By combining a strongly convergent lens of producing little spherical aberration in the opposite direction.

2-Chromatic Aberration

      The fact that different wavelengths of light refracted by lens focus at different points give rise to chromatic aberration as shown in figure:

  Fig   Chromatic Aberration

       Actually a thick lens may be regarded as made up of two prisms placed one above the other and due to dispersion of the refracting medium of the lens different wavelength of light focus at different points. Hence image formed by lens consists of small linear spectrum. Chromatic aberration for a diverging lens is opposite to that for a converging lens.

Minimizing

• This defect can be reduced to a large extent by combining a converging lens of crown glass with a diverging lens of flint glass. These lenses are so chosen that the dispersion of one is equal and opposite to that the other. Lenses which are free from dispersion are called "Achromatic lenses".

Combination of Thin Lenses

The image of an object can be made erect and much magnified by using more than one lenses. Therefore suitable combination of lenses are used in high powered optical instruments.

the above expression is for the combination of two lenses where f1 is the focal length of one lens and f2 is the focal length of the other.  

a

      In most of the optical instruments two or more lenses are used in combination. The location, size and nature of the final image can be determined by using lens formula or ray diagram. In either case, we locate first the image formed by the first lens. Using that image as the object for the second lens, the final image formed by the second lens can be located. If there are more than two lenses. This process is continued, the object for each lens is the image for the preceding lens as in the figure below:

  Fig     Showing a combination of thin lenses

       Referring to the above figure, we can see that lens L1 forms an image I1. This image acts as a real object for the lens L2, which forms a real image I2. Notice that I2 is inverted with respect to I1 and erect with respect to the object.

       We now consider the case when the two thin lenses are in contact, which means their separation is very small as compared to their focal lengths. This is illustrated in figure below:

      Let a point object O be placed at a distance p from the lens L1 whose real image I1(in fig I2) is formed by it at a distance q1(in fig q2). From the lens formula,

                                   

Where f1 is the focal length of lens L1.

      This image now serves as a virtual object for the second lens L2 of focal length f2. If we neglect the small separation between the lenses. The distance of this virtual object from lens L2 will be the same as its distance from the lens L1. If the lens forms an image I of this virtual object at a distance q.

                                   

As the object is virtual for lens L2 i.e. P2 = q1,

Adding equation(1) and (2) we get,

Or,

                                   

Now if we replace the two lenses of focal lengths f1 and f2 by single lens of focal length f such that it forms an image at a distance q of an object placed at p from it as shown in figure below, such a lens is called equivalent lens, and its focal length is known as equivalent focal length.

For equivalent lens L, we have

                                   

Comparing equation(3) and (4) we get,

                                    

      This close combination behaves as a single lens whose focal length is given by the above relation.

        The equation(5) shows that for a pair of lenses in contact the sum of the reciprocals of their individual focal lengths is equal to the reciprocal of the focal length of the combination.